How To Draw Train Tracks With A Wood Burner
| Saint petersburg–Moscow railway (Nikolaevskaya railway) | |
|---|---|
 The Sapsan high speed train on the way from Moscow to St. Petersburg. | |
| Overview | |
| Status | Generally rider service |
| Owner | Russian Railways |
| Termini | Moscow (Leningradsky) Saint Petersburg (Moskovsky) |
| Service | |
| Blazon | High-speed rail Commuter rail Inter-metropolis rail |
| Organization | Oct Railway |
| Operator(s) | Russian Railways |
| Rolling stock |
|
| History | |
| Opened | 1851 |
| Technical | |
| Line length | 649.7 km (403.vii mi) |
| Character | Passenger and freight |
| Track gauge | 1,520 mm (iv ftxi+ 27⁄32 in) |
| Operating speed | 250 km/h (155 mph) |
The Saint petersburg to Moscow railway (1855–1923 – Nikolaevskaya railway) runs for 649.7 kilometers (403.vii mi) through iv oblasts: Petrograd, Novgorod, Tver and Moscow. It is a major traffic avenue in the north-west region of Russian federation, operated by the October Railway subdivision of Russian Railways.
History [edit]
Wood-burning locomotive on the Nikolaev railway, c. 1858
Context [edit]
On ane February 1842, Tsar Nicholas I issued a ukase ordering the railway's construction. The railway was a pet project of Pavel Melnikov (1804–1880), an engineer and administrator who superintended its construction and whose statue may be seen virtually the southern terminus, the Leningradsky railway station in Moscow. The idea of a railway connecting the two capitals gave ascent to a prolonged controversy, with some reactionary officials predicting social upheaval if the masses were allowed to travel. It was decided that but the affluent would be allowed to utilise the line; every passenger was to be subjected to strict passport and police command.[ citation needed ]
Although the Tsarskoye Selo Railway, built by High german engineer Franz Anton von Gerstner in 1837, was Russia's beginning public railway line, the cost overruns led Tsar Nicholas I and his advisors to doubt Gerstner's power to execute the planned St. Petersburg–Moscow line.[i] So Melnikov and another colleague traveled to the United States in 1839 to study railroad technology, where they met George Washington Whistler, who designed the County Viaduct for the Boston and Providence Railroad.[two]
Upon Melnikov's recommendation, Tsar Nicholas I invited Whistler to aid build the railway. Whistler left for Russia in June 1842, accompanied by majestic engineer Major Ivan F. Bouttatz, who would become Whistler's friend.[1] [three] He received the Order of Saint Anna by the Russian Emperor in 1847 but contracted cholera and died on vii April 1849, in Saint Petersburg, Russia, 2 years earlier the line was completed.
Information technology was congenital by serfs with heavy loss of life, a fact bemoaned by Nikolay Nekrasov in his 1864 poem The Railway.[iv] After ten years of structure, the line opened on one November 1851. The first rider train left St. petersburg at 11:15 and arrived in Moscow at 21:00 the next day. When completed, the line was the longest double-runway railway in the world.[ citation needed ]
The ruler legend [edit]
Map of Msta river area (1954)
New Verebinsky Bridge, opened in 2001 to supplant the bypass
Tsar Nicholas I figures in an urban legend virtually the railroad. When it was planned in 1842, he supposedly demanded the shortest path be used despite major obstacles in the mode. The story says he tried to use a ruler to draw the railroad in a perfectly straight line. By the Msta River the tsar'south pencil hit an awkwardly placed finger which he was using to hold down the ruler, creating a bend in the road. The legend says that the engineers wanted to execute the tsar'south club exactly, and the outcome was a perfectly straight road with a single bend. The faux story became pop in Russia and Britain every bit an explanation of how poorly the land was governed. By the 1870s, Russians were telling a unlike version, challenge the tsar was wise to overcome local interests that wanted the railway diverted this way and that. A similar story is told about the Ulm-Friedrichshafen railway that includes a remarkably straight stretch bypassing many settlements - every bit the story goes due to endless debates between local advocates about what hamlet to serve, which were ended when the King of Württemberg took out a ruler and drew a direct line saying "this is how I want my railway built".[5]
What actually happened was that the road was laid out by engineers and he endorsed their advice to build in a straight line.[vi] The curve, likewise called the Verebinsky bypass, was actually built in 1877, 26 years later on the line came into being, to circumvent a steep gradient that lasted for 17 km. Heading for St Petersburg, trains would option up so much speed that they steamed straight past the next station, while those heading for Moscow needed four locomotives to become up the loma.[7] In 2001, the bypass was closed as a new viaduct had been opened.
In 2001, Russia's first high-speed rail line was planned to exist synthetic forth the same route, simply the projection was somewhen shelved amidst ecological protests and concerns about the fragile surroundings of the Valdai Hills. In 2019, the kickoff of a new design phase was given approval.[8]
Operations [edit]
Siemens Velaro RUS in waiting hall of Moskovsky terminal in St. Petersburg
The maximum speed is 250 km/h (155 mph), however this speed is allowed but on distance of less than ten km of tracks. A maximum speed of 220 km/h is permitted on 110 km of tracks; the rest of the route allows a maximum speed of 200 km/h. The fastest train takes 3 hours and 30 minutes (which gives an average speed of 185 km/h). The Siemens Velaro RUS train, also known as Sapsan, has operated on this line since 2009, running beneath their maximum speed of 300 km/h (186 mph) because of difficulties upgrading all the rail. Russian Railways spent nearly $1 billion on viii trains. In 2019, a third order of €1.1 billion for 13 more trains of the same model was signed.[nine]
Since 1931 the famous Krasnaya Strela ("Ruddy Arrow") train has left Moscow at 23:55 daily, arriving in St Petersburg at 07:55 the adjacent morn, and vice versa.
The railway is relatively congested, which ways that simply a few loftier speed trains can run each day. At that place are plans to build a parallel high-speed railway allowing up to 400 km/h, at an estimated price of 696 bn roubles with an estimated completion in 2018.[10]
Major stations [edit]
Major stations include (south to north) Kryukovo (Zelenograd), Klin, Redkino, Tver, Likhoslavl, Kalashnikovo, Vyshny Volochyok, Bologoye, Okulovka, Luka, Malaya Vishera, Chudovo, Lyuban Tosno and Kolpino.
Timetable [edit]
There are 32 direct express trains daily from Moscow to Saint petersburg, from which the post-obit are a selection.[11]
| Train No. | From – Via – To | Moscow | S. P. | Duration | Annotate |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Moscow–St Peterburg | 06:45 | 10:30 | 3h 45min | "Sapsan", the fastest trains. | |
| Moscow–St Peterburg | 07:00 | 10:55 | 3h 55min | "Sapsan" | |
| Moscow–St Peterburg | 16:xxx | 20:25 | 3h 55min | "Sapsan" | |
| Moscow–St Peterburg | nineteen:45 | 23:30 | 3h 45min | "Sapsan" | |
| 032V | Moscow–St Peterburg–Helsinki | 22:50 | 06:02 | 7h 12min | International trains also run on this line. Come across Allegro. |
| 054Ch | Moscow–St Peterburg | 23:xl | 08:35 | 8h 55min | The slowest of the direct express trains. |
| 002A | Moscow–St Peterburg | 23:55 | 07:55 | 8h 00min | "The Red Arrow" sleeper railroad train. |
| 004A | Moscow–St Peterburg | 23:59 | 08:00 | 8h 01min | "The Limited" sleeper railroad train. |
| 038A | Moscow–St Peterburg | 00:thirty | 08:48 | 8h 18min | "The Megapolis" sleeper railroad train. |
In that location are many more sleeper trains. International trains to nearby countries such as Republic of finland and Estonia use this line.
The line runs only an absolutely unavoidable minimum of freight trains. However, with only one runway in each direction (with the exception Moscow to Zelenograd, which has three tracks), expresses are often delayed by slower local commuter trains. Introduction of Sapsan service saw massive changes in suburban train timetables with some trains now having long stops at passing loops to allow overtaking and others cancelled, causing resentment in towns and settlements along the line.
A fourth rail between Moscow and Zelenograd is under structure, and there are plans to extend the third rail beyond Zelenograd to Tver.
Incidents [edit]
On 16 August 1988, 31 people were killed when the Avrora batty while traveling at loftier speed on a stretch of defective runway about Bologoye.[12]
2007 explosion [edit]
On xiii August 2007 an intercity passenger railroad train to St Petersburg from Moscow derailed shortly before reaching Malaya Vishera after a flop explosion. There were xxx injuries and no deaths, and railway traffic was blocked in both directions for a few days.[xiii] [fourteen] [15] Two men from the Ingushetia region of North Caucasus, Salambek Dzakhkiyev and Maksharip Khidriyev, were charged in relation to this incident.[15] They were acquitted in Jan 2010 on the terrorism charge, merely sentenced to prison terms on related charges. The courtroom decided they delivered the explosives to the person who actually planted them, the leader of the terrorist cell, Pavel Kosolapov, at big at time of the trial, but were not aware how it was going to become used.[16] Dzakhkiyev and his defense lawyer, Magomed Razakov, were also convicted of trying to bribe the investigator. Dzakhkiyev was sentenced to ten years' imprisonment, Khidriyev four years, Razakov two years two months.[17] The acquittal was upheld by the Supreme Courtroom in March 2010.[18]
2009 explosion [edit]
On 27 November 2009 4 cars from train No. 166 derailed while travelling between Moscow and St. Petersburg.[nineteen] [20] The derailment was a terrorist human action acquired past the detonation of 7 kilograms (15 lb) of TNT equivalent.[21] At least 27 people were killed and 96 injured.[22] [23] In a secondary explosion on 28 November, directed at investigators, Alexander Bastrykin, head of the Investigative Commission, was injured and hospitalised.[22]
The incident was reported to accept similarities with the 2007 explosion.[15]
See also [edit]
- Moscow–Saint Petersburg high-speed railway
- Runway transport in Russian federation
- Russian Railways
- Transportation in Moscow
- Emperor railway station, Pushkin town
References [edit]
- ^ a b Gasparini, D. A., G. Nizamiev, and C. Tardini. "GW Whistler and the Howe Bridges on the Nikolaev Railway, 1842–1851", American Guild of Civil Engineers, Journal of Performance of Constructed Facilities 30.3 (2015): DOI link:04015046.https://dx.doi.org/x.1061/(ASCE)CF.1943-5509.0000791
- ^ Decker, John C., "Early on American Railroad History: A New Source Within Grasp", and [1] on 24 July 2016.
- ^ "The Correspondence of James McNeill Whistler :: The Correspondence". whistler.arts.gla.ac.uk. Retrieved 2 Baronial 2016.
- ^ Forest, Alan (2011). Russia's Frozen Borderland: A History of Siberia and the Russian Far Due east 1581. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 148. ISBN978-0340971246.
- ^ https://bauprojekte.deutschebahn.com/media/projects/7326/docs/BR-Elektrifizierung-Suedbahn-201711_n.pdf[ blank URL PDF ]
- ^ Richard Mowbray Haywood, "The 'Ruler Legend': Tsar Nicholas I and the Route of the St. Petersburg-Moscow Railway, 1842-1843", Slavic Review (1978) 37#4 pp 640-650
- ^ O'Flynn, Kevin (23 October 2001). "Tsar's Finger sliced off on the Moscow express". The Guardian.
- ^ "Putin approves design of Moscow-St. Pete high-speed railway". TASS.
- ^ Ltd, DVV Media International. "Russian Railways orders high speed trains". Railway Gazette.
- ^ PPP model to fund Moscow–St Petersburg high speed line
- ^ The ticket reservation system of RZD [ permanent expressionless link ] (as of i July 2009)
- ^ "Soviet Train Derails; 22 Die, 160 Injured". Los Angeles Times. Reuters. 18 August 1988.
- ^ "Russian train derailed past 'flop'". BBC News. fourteen August 2007. [ dead link ]
- ^ Vishera, Malaya (14 August 2007). "Russia train blast is 'terrorism'". Russia: CNN. Reuters.
- ^ a b c "North Caucasus group in Russia train bomb spider web claim". BBC News. two December 2009.
- ^ Sergei Mashkin, Oleg Rubnikovich (27 Jan 2010). "Prosecutors gave upward the Nevsky Express". Kommersant.
- ^ Приговор о взятке по делу "Невского экспресса" обжалуют в ЕСПЧ (in Russian). RIA Novosti. 13 April 2010.
- ^ Aleksei Sokovnin, Musa Muradov (i April 2010). "Charges and acquittals for Nevsky Limited". Kommersant.
- ^ "Train derails betwixt Moscow and St Petersburg", BBC.
- ^ "Part of Moscow-St. Petersburg train derails, several killed", 27 November 2009.
- ^ "Радиостанция "Эхо Москвы" / Новости / Новости Эха / Суббота, 28.11.2009 / На месте крушения Невского экспресса могло находиться еще одно взрывное устройство". Echo.msk.ru. Retrieved 28 November 2009.
- ^ a b Abdullaev, Nabi (2 Dec 2009). "2nd Train Blast Injured Bastrykn". The Moscow Times.
- ^ "Радиостанция "Эхо Москвы" / Новости / Новости Эха / Суббота, 28.11.2009 / По предварительным данным, 26 человек погибли и 96 пострадали в результате крушения Невского экспресса". Echo.msk.ru. 29 June 2008.
External links [edit]
- "Views of the Nikolaev Railway", circa 1858, courtesy of SMU library archives. View the items in high resolution
- 19th Century images of the railway and associated figures, courtesy of the Baring annal
How To Draw Train Tracks With A Wood Burner,
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Petersburg%E2%80%93Moscow_railway
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